Posts Tagged ‘sentience’

Sentient beings, not just numbers

Tuesday, December 18th, 2012

Rising demand for meat is pushing up the number of animals farmed for food each year.

“Around 70 billion animals each year are farmed for food”[i]

But this figure is more than a number – it represents thousands of millions of chickens, ducks, pigs, rabbits and other animals who are farmed each year across the world for meat, milk and eggs. We at Compassion are painfully aware that around 70% of these animals are still farmed industrially[ii], usually trapping them in lives of intense confinement, misery and pain.

Most of these animals, 55 billion of them, are chickens farmed for meat, followed by hens for egg production, then ducks, pigs and rabbits farmed for meat.

Most commonly farmed animals for food

Not even a number

Many farm animals don’t make it to our plates and are not counted in the figures. We don’t know for sure how many as they are not counted. For example, the 70 billion figure doesn’t include farmed fish, and we understand that if farmed fish were counted, it would probably more than double the number. Fish farming is also characterised by intense confinement, disease and discomfort for billions of animals, who are also sentient beings. Prawns are also not counted.

Equally, there are no global records available for the number of animals who die on farms or in transit, from diseases and other causes. Farmed rabbits have quite high mortality rates of over 20%, whereas other animals can have lower rates.

Lost generation

Another group of animals which are not included in the 70 billion figure include male chicks and male dairy calves, which are born but considered uneconomical to use, so they are killed shortly after birth.


[i] Calculated from FAOSTAT, 2010.

[ii] Calculated from FAOSTAT, 2006.

Cultured meat & common sense

Tuesday, June 12th, 2012

The battle to end factory farming will need to embrace a range of potential solutions. Some of these are tried and tested, like free range and organic farming. Others are more futuristic. I’m convinced cultured meat will have an important role to play. It’s produced by taking cells from a donor animal, which are then multiplied in a vat on a nutrient soaked scaffold. According to New Harvest, an organisation funding work in the US and Europe, a single cell could in theory produce enough meat to feed the global population for a year.  

In addition to cultured meat, there are a number of other futuristic ways of producing food, some of them as abhorrent as the factory farm systems they seek to replace. For example, Wired magazine recently reported on a proposal to grow chickens whose cerebral cortexes are removed and their bodies attached to a network of tubes. ‘Food, water and air would be delivered via a network of tubes and excrement would be removed in the same way’, the magazine reported.  Other similarly extreme ideas include blind chickens, who, it is argued, wouldn’t mind being packed together, and headless chickens, whose stationary bodies would simply lay eggs.

When factory farming emerged after World War II as a supposedly cheap way to produce food, our understanding of animals and their sentiency was limited. As ethologists, animal behaviourists and others who studied animals began to document their studies, scientific knowledge of animal sentience began to grow. It provided the evidence necessary to support what common sense already tells us; that animals are sentient beings, they feel pain and suffer. 

A huge battle was won when the EU gave legal recognition to animal sentience in the 1990s. It’s been strengthened recently as an Article in the Lisbon Treaty

What concerns me about these ideas to produce animals without heads, brains or without sight is that it undermines the essential respect for animals and takes us into new and deeply worrying territory. And it’s so unnecessary. That is why Compassion is calling for a common sense approach to feeding the world; Food Sense. A better, more common-sense approach is not only achievable, to me it’s essential.

Do Animals Think?

Wednesday, June 6th, 2012

I have always thought that animals think. I’m even more convinced since adopting Duke, our rescue puppy.  Sometimes, I’ll watch as he lies dreaming; his legs twitching, his closed eyes moving in his head as he makes muted barks.  It’s one of the times when I like to guess at what’s going on in his head.

I’m also sure that farmed animals think as well.  After all, pigs are as intelligent as the average dog.  Of course, no one can really know what any animal thinks. No more than anyone can ever really know what anyone thinks. Thankfully, our thoughts are private!

Scientists confirm common sense with their research that animals have the capacity to think and reason. For example, Jane Goodall’s celebrated study of chimpanzees in Tanzania documented their use of sticks to help them feed themselves. The chimpanzees reasoned that they could use the sticks as tools to retrieve ants from inside a nest rather than wait for them to crawl outside.

As with the capacity to reason, sentiency in animals – the ability to experience subjective emotions like pain and suffering – is widely documented in science. Perhaps more importantly, animal sentience is also recognised by EU law, which states that the EU shall ‘pay full regard to the welfare of requirements of animals’ because they are ‘sentient beings’.

It doesn’t require much imagination to wonder what calves in veal crates and pigs in narrow sow stalls must think and feel. Clearly, the imprisonment prevents them behaving naturally. This must affect their mental state. We know that confinement can lead to repetitive behaviours indicating frustration which in turn leads to chemicals being released in the brain in a vain attempt to ‘cope’ in such appalling conditions.  Do they become depressed?  Well science suggests that when sows are first chained, they thrash around trying vainly to escape before going into a period of inactivity suggestive of depression. 

If you’d like to see animals exhibiting what looks like pure joy, please take a look at our dancing cows video. It was filmed earlier this year when dairy cows were being let out to pasture after a winter spent indoors. They delight in their freedom by jumping and sprinting around. The video has already been seen by over a million people via YouTube.

As a society, we rightly derive a great deal of pleasure in making the Dukes of this world live happy and fulfilled lives. Clearly, there is much more to be done for farmed animals to ensure they also live appropriate to their psychological and behavioural needs.

If you’ve got experiences of animals expressing their emotions that you’d like to share, please do let me know.

Living with hens – Part III

Wednesday, October 5th, 2011

Each hen is an individual with her own perceptible character, habits and preferences. This is something I’ve come to appreciate afresh by living with our four adopted hens, Hetty, Henna, Honey and Hope. Hetty rules the roost. She is larger than the rest and more richly resplendent with the reds, browns and rusty hues of her breed. She is unsurprisingly the most independent of the flock; self-assured but not too deferential or attentive to her human carers.

Hope, the second of the original three hens, has a face that seems older than her physical years. Her eyes are lined by the hen equivalent of bags and the feathers atop her head are sparser, making her look a bit bald. She is the most timid and often the first to take herself off to roost at night. Her interest in the tasty kitchen scraps we offer is much less magnetic than her fellows. Whilst the other hens can be easily lured to the coop with bread or lettuce, Hope will often watch from the safety of the Rhododendrons; needing further coaxing; gentle guiding by ‘Basil’, our trusty broom.

Henna and Honey are the two more newly adopted hens. Both have been debeaked; their beaks cut back with a hot blade or infra-red beam when they were chicks. It’s a mutilation carried out to prevent crowded hens pecking and injuring each other. It’s largely unnecessary with good husbandry. Henna, so-called because of her hair-dye dark colouration, has a beak that has regrown unevenly, crossing toward the tip. Both birds are inquisitive and, despite the brutality of their early days, are attentive and quick to sprint the length of the garden as soon as my wife, Helen, or I appear at the back door. A similar greeting now awaits our neighbours when they come through the back gate. Yes, it’s cupboard love! But when the scraps are all pecked up, Henna and Honey will often stay with us, gently pecking at our shoes and clothing. They seem intently interested by our presence. This is the time when I sometimes lift Henna up and hold her in my arms. She’ll make quiet, contented noises, and snuggle down with eyes gently closed, tugging at my jumper as if rearranging her nest.

Honey has big eyes and the shortest finch-like beak. Combined with her light yellow plumage, she has an alert, naive, slightly surprised expression. Honey is perhaps the fondest of bread. She needs no second bidding to peck furiously at slices or chunks held within her reach. One day after Helen had been particularly busy cleaning the house top to bottom, she came down stairs to find Honey in the kitchen, no doubt looking for bread or other enticing treats. She had been dust-bathing before coming into the house and shook like a wet dog, showering the only-just-cleaned floor with a thin layer of compost!

Watching their individual characteristics and behaviours has helped me gain a greater understanding of their needs and the sentience of animals; that they can feel pain and suffer and, if we let them, experience a sense of well-being. It has deepened my commitment to speak up for their welfare. To make sure that animal welfare really does get recognised as a key issue of social justice as well as to a fair and sustainable society. The way we treat farm animals on our factory farms is a travesty of our time. My determined aim is to see an end to factory farming, typified by the cruel icon of hens crammed for life into tiny cages. I want to see an end to the unimaginable suffering of factory farming, and soon. It is not only cruel, but also threatens our environment, public health and the ability of future generations to feed themselves. A huge thank you to all those supporters of Compassion’s campaigns; together, we will end factory farming and leave a better world for future generations.

Philip's hens

Chicken sentience

Monday, March 21st, 2011

behavioralOur four rescued hens at home are a constant source of delight. Even when Hetty, Hope, Henna and Honey insist on rearranging the plants in our carefully-tended garden to suit their tastes. Each one has a distinct personality, which includes individual preferences. Hetty is in charge. The others look after themselves fine despite her bossiness. They are their own social community. Except for when we open the back door. Then, our worlds meet. Talk about cupboard love! I’m not saying our hens only rush over to see us because we feed them. Clearly, there are times when they know we have no treats but they still want to peck around us. They loiter around our feet, settling eventually to peck gently at our jeans and trousers. I like to think their fussing is a form of mutual appreciation. Their attention means the world to us.

Our life with hens also meant it didn’t come as any surprise when I read recently that researchers at the University of Bristol’s School of Veterinary Sciences “discovered chickens show a clear physiological and behavioural response when their chicks are mildly distressed”. I know from watching our hens, as well as observing thousands of chickens in commercial systems, that chickens are individuals with their own complex set of psychological and behavioural needs.

When I commented recently on Compassion’s website about the Bristol University study, several of you got in touch. “Yep. Animals have feelings shocker again,” one supporter wrote, “I see empathy in my chooks all the time, and other emotions too”. Another said, “I’m glad of the media coverage but stunned it took a study to get people to see what any poultry breeder worth their salt knows…. But as you say, if it leads to improved welfare then it’s all good in my book”.

Science is validating what we already know from our own observations of living with animals. This is an important process. It strengthens our hand in demanding positive change for how animals are farmed. By the way, I very much welcome hearing back from you; please keep in touch with your feedback!
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Flickr

Caged laying hensNocton bus advertisementFace of sow in barren pen with piglets behindLabel Rouge broiler chickens of both sexSow and piglets foraging and one piglet sucklingCute lambs running and jumpingMontbeliard cows on pasturePhilip at FAIBarren veal calf pens

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